Friday, December 27, 2019

Humanity, Monstrosity, Gothic Literature Death Essay

Humanity, Monstrosity, Gothic Literature Death by J. Williams The Gothic genre delves into the depths of humanity, where the presence of the horrible and the macabre represent ‘the dark side’ of human nature. Indeed, according to M. H. Abrams, Gothic novelists invited â€Å"fiction to the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind† (111). In such works, unnatural desires and forbidden excesses that are buried and secret in the functioning self, become the monsters lurching around in Gothic lore. Eve Sedgwick expands upon these themes by identifying how the fictional self is â€Å"massively blocked off from something to which it ought normally†¦show more content†¦(112-13) Bertha is also an outcast, although she has known an even sharper degree of oppression, so perhaps it is excusable that she cannot contain her result. She has lost her family, wealth and sanity in the years since becoming Mr. Rochester’s wife. Mr. Rochester acknowledges that Bertha’s madness is due in part to a hereditary disorder concealed from him by her family. However, his depiction of her as â€Å"loose and drunken† suggests that she is also an immoral woman, and ultimately at fault for her monstrous condition. Confined for over ten years in the attic (in lieu of a dungeon) at Thornfield, Bertha has become physically deformed and utterly malevolent. Her wild, unrestrained passion is juxtaposed with Jane’s surface of steady morality. Shut off from the full assertion of thought and feeling that should be her right, Bertha is the monstrous â€Å"double† that powerfully represents what Jane has subdued. Though Bertha must ultimately be destroyed (in a violent fire) to be freed from her tyrannical existence, and for Jane to be united with Mr. Rochester and eventually freed of her own monstrousness, Bertha’s presence in the novel serves as a potent expression for the underlying forces stirring withinShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagestime. According to John Reider, â€Å"The universal disgust inspired by the creature is coherent with the excess of Frankenstein’s stupidity over mere narcissism† (25). Frankenstein’s narcissism is the real creature in the story. Due to the creatures monstrosity, which was designed by Frankenstein, the creature is automatically looked at with irrational hatred and loathing. Victor refused to take responsibility for his creation because he did not care for it or want to gain a bad reputation. He saw hisRead MoreFrankenstein Writing Style Essay1769 Words   |  8 PagesThe gothic horror novel Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley, and this author has a peculiar and unique style of writing, as any writer would have. One of the staples of Shelley s writing style in Frankenstein is a massive use of description in often long-winded sentences, which seem at many times like run-ons. For example, Shelley writes, â€Å"I looked on the valley beneath; vast mists were rising from the rivers which ran through it, and curling in thick wreaths around the opposite mountains,Read MoreFlannery O Connor s Writing Style1680 Words   |  7 PagesFlannery O’connor is one of the most shinning stars in American literature. Her distinct writing style makes her work recognizable and outstanding from other literature works. Many critics have commented on Flannery O’connor’s narrative voice. Louise Blackwell discovers Miss O’Connor often wrote according to southern tradition by using symbols in people’s daily life to convey the theme in a more profound way. From the perspective of the O’connor’s writing technique, Shirley Foster speaks highly ofRead More What is scary in Frankenstein? Essay examples2117 Words   |  9 Pagescreation†, which symbolises the womb. Feminist criticism, such as that of Ellen Moers has seen Frankenstein as a ‘birth myth’. Shelley’s knowledge of birth was limited to disastrous consequences- such as her mother dying giving birth to her and the death of her own baby. Victor’s terrible nightmare after the monster’s creation seems to support the idea that he is scared by normal reproduction. When he attempts to kiss Elizabeth, she turns into a corpse, the corpse of Victor’s mother. Victor hasRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 Pagessay it?) â€Å"ru le th e world!† ’: ‘Mad scien tist and monster are figures in a modern my th; th ey reflect our fears about th e future of man in 13 a world of machin es’. Since 1980 Frankenstein has b een r esituated along with all the other literature of the Romantic p eriod by New and old forms of historicism in a progressiv ely more d etailed recreation of the complex and interr elated cultures of that p eriod. And th is is nowhere more apparent than with th e cu lture of the experimentalRead MorePolitics and The English Language: George Orwell ´s Literature3705 Words   |  15 Pagessociety which is echoed throughout his formulaic journey of writing in â€Å"Why I Write†,   the prophetic piece depicting politic’s influence on a writer’s conscience in â€Å"Writers and Leviathan† and in Orwell’s emphasis on the duality of politics and literature in â€Å"Politics and the English Language† which reverberates the transcendental message of his essays which shall be critically studied for years to come. As we delve into the unwavering style of Orwell’s essays, we experience the sheer influenceRead MoreThe Vampire: What Boundaries Does the Vampire Threaten? Discuss with R9200 Words   |  37 Pages_______________________________________________ The Vampire in Dracula threatens the very existence of Victorian England. Stoker constructs the vampire as an embodiment of threat by surpassing his Gothic novelist predecessors to bring the threat of the Gothic home to Victorian England (Arata 119). This in turn crosses the boundary between what is foreign and what is national; and dually East and West. Dracula is open to many interpretations

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Anne Marie Slaughter And Richard Dorment Essay - 2058 Words

In life we are told to â€Å"have it all† by raising a perfect family, getting a beautiful house, and having a high paying job; but is it possible to have it all? How many people can honestly have it all, when so many are just trying to survive? In the articles, â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All† and â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All,† Anne-Marie Slaughter and Richard Dorment, discuss how women function in the workplace and the different expectant outcomes for each, mainly focusing on the upper class. The primary objective of Slaughter’s passage was to show how women are treated poorly and how they are held to a different standard than their male counterparts. Dorment focused mostly on how neither women nor men should strive to â€Å"have it all† because nobody can. Together they consider the subjects of workplace discrimination, housework standards, family involvement, and striving to â€Å"have it all.† Anne-Marie Slaughter constructed the article, â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All† including personal and statistical measures to prove that, though women have come far, they are not to the standard of men. She begins the article informing us of her job as the first female director of policy planning at the State Department in Washington D.C. Admittingly, with such a high-profile job and finding herself struggling to balance her 14-year-old son, she made the decision to quit her job after two years. Accordingly, Slaughter pondered her years working in a high power workplace, realizingShow MoreRelatedAnne Marie Slaughter And Richard Dorment Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pagesarticles, â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All† and â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All,† Anne-Marie Slaughter and Richard Dorment, discuss how women function in the workplace and the different expectant outcomes for each; mainly focusing on the upper class. The pr imary objective of Slaughter’s passage was to show how women are treated poorly and how they are held to a different standard than their male counterparts. While Dorment focused mostly on how neither women nor men should strive to â€Å"have it all† becauseRead MoreWorking Men And Women For Countless Years Have Struggled1280 Words   |  6 Pagescareer ambitions. Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All†, and Richard Dorment, author of â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All†, attempt to depict how working parents make sacrifices that ultimately lead to success in the workplace and as parents. I consider Richard Dorment more convincing in his essay than Anne-Marie Slaughter, because he provides compelling arguments about equality in parenting, success in the workplace, and paternity leave. In Richard Dorment’s essayRead MoreWhy Women Still Can t Have It All By Anne Marie Slaughter1173 Words   |  5 PagesCan’t Have It All,† Anne-Marie Slaughter discusses the idea that in today’s economic and social environment, it is not realistic for women to try to â€Å"have it all.† Similarly, Richard Dorment writes about why it is not just women that â€Å"can’t have it all† in his book, â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All.† There are always at least two sides to every story and in these 3 book excerpts, the authors present their side to the story on equality in the workplace. Sandberg, Slaughter, and Dorment are all in agreementRead MoreWhy Women Still Can t Have It All902 Words   |  4 PagesCan’t Have It All,† Anne-Marie Slaughter makes a point in her essay which is that you cannot have it all. However, in â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All,† Richard Dorment responds to her es say with a different opinion, and he makes arguments to prove his opinion about this topic. To understand his opinion, we are going to look at his points, how did he make the points, and my personal opinion on his argument. First of all, Dorment makes many points in his essay responding to Slaughter essay. He startsRead MoreWhy Women Still Can t Have It All1035 Words   |  5 PagesAnyone Can Have It All Sooner or later in life, we will inevitably face the question that asks if we have it all. One may respond with a question: â€Å"What does it all mean?† According to the article â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All,† author Anne-Marie Slaughter defines it all as â€Å"work-family balance† (678). It means to have both career and family at the same time. And the consensus of our society has agreed with her definition of it all. We live in a society where we are raised to grow up to haveRead MoreWhy Women Still CanT Have It All By Anne-Marie Slaughter1385 Words   |  6 Pages In the article â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All,† Anne-Marie Slaughter explains why women can’t manage both the difficulties of a high-end job while doing the best they can as a parent. Slaughter is a very successful women who had worked for Hillary Clinton at the state department being the first woman policy planner. She begins the essay by explaining a conversation that came up between herself and a colleague who held a senior position in the White House. She tells her colleague that is hasRead MoreWhy Men Still Can t Have It All By Richard Dorment1537 Words   |  7 PagesCan’t Have It All† by Richard Dorment, the topic of equality in the genders is explored. This topic includes various aspects of the lives of men and women, including work in and out of the home. Dorment responds to other opinions and viewpoints and explains why â€Å"no one can have it all.† He brings up many convincing arguments that show why the feminist push for equals rights for women is not producing the outcome that people want it to have. I agree with what much of Dorment is saying in this essayRead MoreThe Women s Movement Our History Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesin her book Lean In, believing it possible if a woman has enough determination. Other esteemed women, such as Anne-Marie Slaughter and feminist scholar bell hooks disse ct her arguments in their respective works â€Å"Why Women Still Can’t Have It All† and â€Å"Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In,† both coming to the conclusion that women and men must first be liberated from the institution. Richard Dorment, author of â€Å"Why Men Still Can’t Have It All†, bases his stance on the issue by the fact that men currently cannotRead MoreIt Is Now The Year 2017, And There Is Still Inequality1828 Words   |  8 Pages Feelings do matter to people, especially in the workplace. Anne-Marie Slaughter, author of ‘Why Women Still Can’t Have It All’ and Richard Dorment, author of ‘Why Men Can’t Have It All’ both have similar views on the same topic but from different gender perspectives. Both have the main point that there should be a perfect working environment for both genders and that is something that clearly lacks today. Coincidently, Slaughter writes that â€Å"I believe that we can â⠂¬Ëœhave it all at the same timeRead MoreAre Women Not Getting Enough Rights?928 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible like a mother. One of the reasons that women cannot have it all is that women are mothers and being a mother, she has to be there whenever the child needs their mother. Anne Marie Slaughter wrote the essay entitled â€Å"Why Women Can’t Still Have It All†, but she does not provide any specific proof of her claim. Slaughter says young males are becoming more understandable than before on â€Å"supporting their families.†(694). I think she meant to point that new generations of males understand more of

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior Management

Question: Discuss about the International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior Management. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to give readers a direct insight into organizational effectiveness. Team, group forms to be an important part to organization productivity. It has become an extraordinary task for managers worldwide to manage teams in a useful way (Adler Gundersen, 2007). National Bank of Bahrain was established in 1957 in Bahrain. It was the first indigenous bank In Kingdom of Bahrain. The bank has a nationwide network of 25 branches, 46 ATMs and 4,000 POS terminals. The branches are also located in Abu Dhabi and Riyadh. This has helped in gaining nationwide recognition in retail and commercial banking sector (NBB, 2017). Globalization has led to cultural integration between the economies. In a dynamic environment it is necessary for business organizations to adopt efficient techniques. These techniques might range from conflict management to negotiation. Inter-mingling of teams across the globe has led to difference of opinion in employees. In such a situation it has become necessary to figure out an effective technique to gain productivity (McShane Von Glinow, 2011). Large-sized business organizations can only grow by managing conflicts an initial stage. Managing work among diversified teams is difficult for the organization. Conflicts in an organization are inevitable. Diverse teams cause conflicts which need to be addressed on first hand basis. Conflicts are necessary to grow. To attain efficiency, an organization requires an efficient negotiator. His duty is to address the problems occurring in the organization (Colquitt, Lepine, Wesson, 2011). Organizational culture is a system that shares values and beliefs governing employees behavior. These shared values have a strong influence on the people and the organization. Every organization needs to develop and maintain a unique culture. These trends are important for an organization in exploring the efficiencies. Every organization has instinctive values that encourage employees to take risk. Companies with great cultural values have an ability to outperform (Pinder, 2014). Work groups and teams An organization is built up of diverse teams. It has become important for the organization to work in group to reach the goal. Teams are common and relevant for a business organizational perspective. Globalization has led to expansion of teams both vertically and horizontally. The organization has to manage synergy between employees and resources. These teams are relevant for every industry and organizational type. The basic role of a team is to combine the competencies and skills to achieve organizational objectives. The underlying necessity of forming teams and groups is to attain synergy (Nelson Cooper, 2007). Each individual contribution helps in developing team in an effective manner. Development of teams helps creates a highly focused group of employees. A cross-functional team is required for enabling various functional competencies. This is common in an organization selling complex product to the customers. Understanding the role of a team is necessary for processing out wor k in an efficient way. In the beginning it is necessary to develop a team to carry out organizational goals. Once a team is decided, the organization can precede towards completion of operational goal. The role of defining a team is to attain desired results in dynamic environment (Miner, 2015). The role of teams in National Bank of Bahrain is to manage different functions in a systematic way. The employees are designated role according to their capacity. It is the role of customer associates to help customers in dealing with day-today queries. The technical team of bank supports in different business functions. Thus managing team is necessary for the banking organizations. Managing team is important for banking organizations to attain result against competition. In the recent time customers are choosing banking organization with a fast customer services. In such a competitive environment, it has become important to develop teams to meet customers expectation. Banking organizations are burdened with loads of responsibilities to overcome pressure. Banking organizations need to develop team to derive result (Robbins Judge, 2012). The team at National bank of Bahrain is effectively working by accumulating the diverse culture. They are providing to their customers far reaching solution. A recent shift in the demographic structure has enabled effective growth in the sector resulting in change in overall banking practice. The bank is offering to their customers with the treasury products that has enabled them to work in the changing banking culture. The online banking mechanism has enabled the bank in attaining effective results like in case of the National bank of Bahrain. They have effectively diversifying the overall banking practices in order to attain desired results. The team of the bank has enabled functioning through implementation of various group activities. They are moreover focused on organizing a diverse culture in Bahrain and providing customers with an improved experience. The purpose of the bank is to place their balance sheet at an appropriate position by focusing on the core banking facilities. For the purpose the bank is enabling effective banking mechanism to attain effective results. Team at National Bank of Bahrain should be capable to derive results in depressive situations. The team helps in processing actions. Every employee in an organization is dependent on other and contributes effectively to precede actions. No employee in a banking sector can work alone; as he requires support from the fellow employees to make contribution. Individual with a similar interest contributes in coming together on a common platform. A sales team in bank is inclined towards branding and marketing and to promote interest of the National Bank of Bahrain. They have to clearly define teams to achieve sustainable results (Wagner Hollenbeck, 2014). Targets related to revenue can be met by designing teams according to individual efficiencies. Every team member is equally responsible to contribute for organizational performance. The alternatives related to a problem can be explored through best possible solution.. The conflict occurs due to difference in the opinion of employees. In s uch a situation it is important for an individual to develop effective policies in order to manage the organization. Employees can only work effectively in case if disputes are addressed efficiently. Conflicts are an obvious part in an organization. This is important for an organization that the conflicts are managed first handedly by the managers and employees (DuBrin, 2013). Conflict and Negotiation Conflicts are at times disruptive for the organization to attain productivity. They might lead to excessive employee turnover. Managers in an organization need to be proficient enough to deal with the growing crises at workplace. It is necessary to understand different ways at workplace to address conflicts. This has become an important tool for the employers in understanding the best way to move toward conflict negotiation. Sometimes it is necessary in an organization to receive clarification regarding company policy. The manager needs to designate duties in an effective manner to avoid conflicts (Jones, 2010). He should avoid such situations that require clarification on future date. Negotiation is an end to a conflict caused due to misinterpretation, the manager need to establish clear guidelines to avoid occurrence of conflict in the organization. The management needs to create policies to prevent conflict at an initial stage. It is necessary to appoint a departmental authority t o deal with the conflicts. It is the duty of both HR department designated authority to deal with the conflicts. Clarification from the part of company has become an important tool to deal with the conflicts (Barling Clegg Cooper, 2008). The purpose is to develop a culture that ensures that the success of the bank depend upon the customers and the community it is working in. Their association with the other banking organizations has helped in attaining significant growth in the recent time. There is an increasing demand in the society to develop equal role in the community development (Social responsibility, 2015). Conflicts can occur at workplace due to excessive workload and stress on the staff. In such a situation management needs to adopt a proactive negotiation approach to lift up work level. The manager has to plan in the benefit of organization and the employees. It is important for mangers to find out an effective way to handle conflicts. Negotiation is important at an initial stage to avoid further conflicts. Negotiation has become one of the important parts of company while dealing with the conflicts. Excessive workload can create pressure on employees by offering overtime o staggering shifts to deal with the excessive stress. The workload problem needs to be dealt in an effective manner. The conflict management deals with finding solution to ease the extra burden felt by staff. It is the primary duty of the manger to work in the interest of the employees (Barling, Clegg Cooper, 2008). Organizational culture It is necessary that the employees feel involve in the success of the banking organization. In case of any issue at the workplace the employees need to take a proactive step, employees are the primary asset to the organization. It is necessary to manage conflicts by increasing employees participation. The teams need to set up an important procedure to deal with the problems. They should adopt an open door policy to deal with the problems. Employees should be given an opportunity to exchange problems. They should be given a chance to discuss the problem directly with the employers (Moore, 2014). People communicate with each other in a different manner. This requires better understanding in employees to deal with the problems. Conflicts might occur in an organization due to a wide gap in understanding. The manager needs to develop effective procedure to deal with the problems occurring in the organization. It is necessary that the manager should discuss the problem in an efficient way. Effective leadership skills are required in an organization to manage conflicts. Regular discussions are required in the organization for the purpose of dealing in an effective manner (DeVito, 2007). The manager needs to figure out an effective way to eel with serious issues at an initial stage. Isolation in the organization tends to create movement. While dealing with multi-party problem it has become evident for the organization to create better working conditions. The primary focus of the organization is to deal with the problems. To combat with the problems it is necessary to develop effective planning mechanism for the employees. Conflict management and negotiation skills are necessary in every leader. This will help the organization in setting a good example for others. Conflicts are obvious in the organization and affect the productivity in a negative way. In such a situation it is suggested to derive an effective plan and mechanism to deal smartly (De Dreu Gelfand, 2008). Banking organization faces conflicts on a regular basis. A conflict can occur within or outside the organization. In such a situation it is recommended to the employees to deal with the problems in an effective manner. The employers need to focus on employees to overcome the problems. This is evident that the conflicts will occur in the organization. However it is the duty of the manager and the team to act smartly. Conflicts can only be managed if proper actions are taken by the organization. Employees should be given an open space to discuss their thoughts. Employees feel frustrated when they are not given a proper space by the organization. Banking structure creates a pressure over the employees. Conflicts do affect the overall productivity of the employees. In such a situation the manager needs to deploy an effective plan to deal with the problem. They need to plan an effective strategy to avoid a situation that might occur in future. Employees should be given an opportunity to discuss problems with each other. Giving an open platform will help them to attain the objectives. As per the Schein model the bank has effectively able to attain the cultural changes occurring in the Bahrain banking sector, though the current bank9ng sector requires lot many changes. It is necessary to incorporate changes in an effective way so at top incorporate an effective work culture. Artifact: The team members need to evaluate all the pros and cons to attain results. Responsibilities related to team management and development lies with the manager. To attain long term sustainable goals the managers have a key responsibility to handle the conflict. Value Quality assurance is an important part of the National bank of Bahrain. Since its incorporation the bank is keeping a check over the corporate social responsibility. The program is developed to ensure stakeholder interest in the bank. They have continually endeavored to grow business by being socially responsible. Assume values these are the values undertaken by the employees in order to effective implementation of aim. The main purpose of the banking organization is to implement culture at the workplace. Conclusion To conclude, the banking structure has a lot of complications that need to be addressed at an early stage. The banking originations need to develop an effective mechanism to address the problems. In such a situation it is necessary for an organization to work in an effective manner. Team management is important for an organization to deal with difficult situation in an effective approach. The report provides an insight to manage the differences among the employees. It is necessary to address the problem in a proactive way. This will help the organization in dealing with the problems to cope up futuristic issues. References Adler, N. J., Gundersen, A. (2007).International dimensions of organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Barling, J., Clegg, S. R., Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). (2008).The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches(Vol. 2). Sage. Colquitt, J., Lepine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. (2011).Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin. De Dreu, C. K., Gelfand, M. J. (Eds.). (2008).The psychology of conflict and conflict management in organizations(pp. 3-54). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. DeVito, J. A. (2007).Interpersonal Communication Book, The, 13/E. New York, NY: Pearson International. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change. McShane, S., Von Glinow, M. (2011).M: Organizational behavior. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moore, C. W. (2014).The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. NBB.(2017). ONLINE. Retrieved from: https://www.nbbonline.com/ Accessed on: 30 April 2017) Nelson, D., Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). (2007).Positive organizational behavior. Sage. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. (2012).Essentials of organizational behavior. Essex: Pearson. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. Social responsibility, (2015). Retrieved from: https://www.nbbonline.com/default.asp?action=categoryid=6 (Accessed on: 3 May 2017)

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

What is society Essay Example For Students

What is society? Essay A society is, by definition, a group of people with similar interests, beliefs, and ways of life, residing and perpetuating in a specific area. Societies include people, who are organized into families, tight-knit groups of friends, and acquaintances. Individuals within a society possess certain religious affiliations, and are associated with specific institutions and workplaces. This idea of a community allows human beings to act upon their social predispositions, while still submitting to leadership, so long as the leadership seeks to serve the people. What happens, though, when society goes bad? What happens when the government controls every facet of an individuals life, when all traces of emotion, thought, and feeling are lost completely, and when husbands and wives, parents and children are turned against each other? This is a dystopian society. The topic of a dystopian society is one that is used frequently in literature. Authors often utilize this type of situation in their writing to satirize the society around them, or to provide a warning against what could possibly happen to the world. We will write a custom essay on What is society? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Three of the most prominent novels that are classified as dystopian literature are Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, 1984 by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. In each of these novels, the respective author is attempting to accomplish a certain goal. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley is warning society about the dangers of becoming too hedonistic and technologically advanced. Huxley also satirizes people who are constantly in pursuit of instant happiness Booker 171. With the writing of 1984, George Orwell is warning against leaders who are hungry for power. These people would not hesitate to strip individuals of every freedom if it meant prolonging their control Booker 208. Lastly, in Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury was responding to Americas cultural environment in the 1950s Booker 88. He was warning against extreme censorship, the disappearance of real relationships, and the development of a very fast-paced society. As with all dystopian writers, the writers of these three novels chose to include certain dystopian characteristics in their writing; these characteristics include: a powerful governing body, social classes, skewed relationships between individuals, a skewed sense of identity, censorship, technology, brainwashing, and rebellion by certain characters. In most dystopian literature, the government in power exerts a great amount of control over the lives of the people, often controlling their very actions and thoughts. The citizens are divided into distinct social classes, and they have no control over the matter. Oftentimes, the government will predetermine the identity of an individual, and emotionally, all subjects are identical. In a dystopian society, the government will use a few methods for controlling the identity of an individual. Censorship is defined psychologically as the prevention of disturbing or painful thoughts or feelings from reaching consciousness except in a disguised form. Censorship can be protecting the people for their own good; however, dystopian rules use it to censor all things that are not promoting their leadership and society. Technology is the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives. Technology is crucial for any powerful nation or state, however, in dystopian societies; technology is used only to further the goals of the government. Lastly, brainwashing is the application of a concentrated means of persuasion, such as an advertising campaign or repeated suggestion, in order to develop a specific belief or motivation. Brainwashing is never a positive thing, and unfortunately, all citizens in a dystopian society have had their minds molded through the use of brainwashing techniques. As with any society, a dystopian society is ruled by a governing body. However, the motivations of the governing body are what separate a normal society from a dystopian society. In a dystopian, or dysfunctional, society, the government usually seeks to promote its own goals and aspirations without taking into account the thoughts and needs of the people. This is seen heavily in all three dystopian novels. The first of the three, Brave New World, takes place in futuristic London. In the World State, the lives of the citizens are controlled in every way by the government. The government decides what class they will belong to, what job they will have, where they will live, what they will enjoy, and what activities they can take part in Huxley 12. This may seem like a daunting task, however, it is made simple due to the fact that every individual is manufactured to be exactly the same, figuring for social status which varies, but is also determined by the government. There are ten major rulers in government; they are called World Controllers Huxley 33. The resident World Controller in the story is named Mustapha Mond, and he is the World Controller in Western Europe Huxley 32. Lastly, the cultural hero in the novel is Henry Ford, who is worshipped like a God Huxley 191. Citizens commonly use expressions such as My Ford! and Fordspeed. In the novel, 1984, the governing body is known the Party. The job of the Party is to supervise and control all activities of life, which they do through the faÃÆ' §ade of Big Brother, who is supposed to be the supreme ruler in the government. The only thing this government is concerned with is prolonging their own power. In order to do this, they must strip citizens of all freedom, including freedom of thought. The goal of the Party is to create the ultimate dystopia, completely opposite of Huxleys hedonistic society. In this society, the government is present in every area of the life of an individual. The government supplies a person with their occupation, food, and housing. All daily activities are controlled by Big Brother, loud alarms sound when it is time for a person to do their daily exercises and the like Orwell 30. Big Brother also monitors people closely to detect any suspicious behavior, and distributes propaganda posters Orwell 5. Basically, everything that happens in the world and to the individual is the result of the government. There is no individualism at all, and conformist behavior is essential. The government is the eye that is constantly watching over its subjects. The novel Fahrenheit 451 takes place in futuristic America. The government in place is a totalitarian government, which makes use of censorship and brainwashing. The citizens do not think for themselves, in fact, they hardly think at all. They are constantly bombarded by media that real thoughts cannot manifest. This is what the government is striving for, because during the course of the novel, it is trying to cover up a huge war that threatens to destroy the world. If people have no time to think or ponder philosophically, they will not question the motivations and actions of their government. One thing that is unique to this society is the fact that the citizens willingly submit to the government. In Brave New World, citizens are brainwashed, so they cannot think anything different, and in 1984, the citizens are forced to conform. In Fahrenheit 451, citizens are brainwashed, but it is with their consent. The people are fully capable of turning off their huge televisions, taking out the seashell radios, driving slower, and taking time to think, but they chose not to. It is easier for them to get caught up a fast paced, media-driven world. If a person was to decide to turn off their television for a while, the government would not come after them, and they would not be punished, however, they all chose to live the way that they do, and that is what has become acceptable in society. In many dystopian civilizations, the citizens are divided up into social classes. A social class is defined as a group of people with the same social and economic status. This type of social status is seen in almost every civilization in the world; however, dystopian societies implement the class system in different ways. Often, the people have no control over which class they belong to, it is usually dictated by the government. As with all things, the government utilizes the class system to further its own interests. Brave New World is a novel that displays the class system very clearly. In the novel, the citizens are divided up into five distinct social classes; these include Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. They are all conceived in test tubes through the Bokanovsky process, which produces ninety-six infants from one single fertilized egg Huxley 4. These growing infants are given food and other necessities via injections into their test tube fluid. As the fetuses mature, they are provided with what they require at that point in their gestation. It is all very systematic, and if one step is skipped or neglected, there are serious results. Now, there are some instances in which select fetuses will be deprived of important things. In the creation of an Epsilon, for example, the fetus will be deprived of oxygen Huxley 13. This deprivation leads to decreased mental capability in the child, and later in the adult. Since the Epsilon will only be used for menial tasks, like manual labor, there is no need for it to have a high level of intelligence. Epsilons and Deltas are also genetically engineered to have a great amount of strength and endurance, which will suit them in their positions as they mature. On the other hand, the highest class, the Alphas, are engineered to have extremely high intelligence quotients. This is necessary because they will one day assume occupations that require a higher amount of intelligence and reasoning ability Huxley 16. This society is very class-oriented, and the classes are very obvious. One has to wonder, though, if Epsilons or Deltas ever feel angry that they were not predestined to be Alphas. The answer is that they do not. Much of the governments technological efforts are directed toward this, because if the class system is not stable, everything fails. Citizens must first be content in their social class if they are to function in society Huxley 15. Since the classes in this society are so distinguished, there is hardly any reason for individuals of two different classes to associate with each other Huxley 27. The Epsilons and Deltas serve the Alphas and the Betas. As far as relationships within the classes go, there are friends, and lovers. The only variable that this is dependent upon is gender. Everyone of the opposite sex is a potential lover. The government uses the class system in this civilization to make society run very smoothly. All members of each class are essentially the same, and the lower classes are even made up of exact clones. This makes everything run nicely because there is never a shortage of manual laborers or of highly skilled white collar workers. The government can manufacture as many citizens from each class as it needs to in order to maintain stability Huxley 9. In the novel, 1984, there are three distinct social classes. The first class is made up of the inner party members Orwell 12. These are the individuals that are involved first hand in the government; they are usually involved with the Thought Police Orwell 6, Ministry of Truth Orwell 8, and the like. These people work under the faÃÆ' §ade of Big Brother, and their job is to make sure that everything is running smoothly and that there is no unorthodoxy going on. The second, and biggest, social class is known as the outer party Orwell 29. These are the average citizens. These people are under constant surveillance by the inner party members and Big Brother. Everything about their daily lives is controlled by the government. They are designated jobs and homes, and the government directs their every action. These people are also the target of all of Big Brothers propaganda. The signs and posters reading Big Brother is watching you! are all directed towards them Orwell 5. They also have to go through the two minutes hate every day, and their lives are monitored continuously via telescreens Orwell 3-16. This party is under the greatest scrutiny by their government. The last party in Orwells dystopian society is known as the Proles. A Prole is the Newspeak way of describing a member of the proletariat or working class. In this society, the Proles are equated with animals, and therefore are relatively free compared to members of the party Orwell 62. Unlike the party members, whose lives are constantly monitored through telescreens, the world of the Proles is relatively free of such devices Orwell 82. The reason for this is that the Proles lack advanced reasoning ability and cannot organize Orwell 73. The government simply uses them for menial tasks, much like Deltas and Epsilons in Huxleys Brave New World. The Proles are only concerned with the basic needs of life, eating, drinking, breeding, and fighting. They pose no threat to the government, so therefore, they are granted much more freedom than are members of the party Orwell 62. The last novel, Fahrenheit 451 differs from the previous two in that the social class are indistinct from those we know of today. Although the government censors written literature and bombards citizens with media, the socio-economic situation is virtually the same as it is in America in this day and age. If a person is poor, it is not because the government has made them that way; the same concept applies to the wealthy. The government does not control a persons occupation or housing. Also, the government does not alter an individuals personal capacity for performance to suit its needs. There really is no way that the government takes advantage of the class system in this dystopian society. In a dystopian society, government controls everything about the life of an individual. This control leads to the distortion of relationships. In dystopian societies, relationships are skewed; there are no true friendships or intimate relationships. Even families, the tightest social unit, are twisted. In Huxleys Brave New World there are two different types of relationships, relationships between people of the same social class, and people of different social classes. As far as relationships within the classes go, there are friends, and lovers. The only variable that this is dependent upon is gender. Everyone of the opposite sex is a potential lover, and everyone of the same sex is a friend or comrade Huxley 67. Each night, the citizens go out and engage in unrestricted sexual activity with members of their own social class, and the next day they refer last nights lover to their best friend Huxley 44. Conversely, members of a certain class do not associate with members of another. Epsilons and Deltas serve the Alphas and Betas by getting their helicopters ready, operating their elevators, and the like. There are no friendships or sexual relationships between members of these classes. The government uses these relationships to promote a hedonistic way of life. Since everyone is allowed complete access to everyone at all times, there is never unhappiness or the consciousness of a desire that cannot be fulfilled. The relationships between individuals in the novel, 1984 differ greatly from the relationships between individuals in Huxleys dystopia. In the World State, there is no trust, and camaraderie is non-existent, although the government tries to make it look as though it does exist. In this society, citizens refer to each other as comrade Orwell 20. This words implies a sense of friendship, fidelity, and trust, however these things are not present in relationships in this dystopian world. In fact, there is a complete absence of trust; children are encouraged to rat out their parents, and spouses are urged to report unorthodox behavior in each other Orwell 24. They all serve as extensions of the government, and the Thought Police, the secret police who use psychology and surveillance to monitor thought crimes Orwell 6. If a person is unable to trust their spouse, they will not be able to trust anybody else. Life is full of suspicion; a person never knows who is for, and who is against Big Brother; so it is better if they do not trust anybody, misjudgment could have deadly effects. Unlike Huxleys society, sexuality is strictly controlled in Orwells novel. The government accepts the Freudian energy-based model, which says the energy that is required for sex could be used to serve the party Orwell 42. The government says that sex is a very disagreeable activity, and should be used for procreating strictly in the context of marriage Orwell 58. The control of sexual relationships also serves to control the formation of strong emotional attachments between individuals. These kinds of attachments are undesirable to the government. Lastly, in this dystopian society, families and friends do exist, however the words carry different meanings. People will consider themselves to be friends, although they hold no trust between them, and they do not confide in each other 43. Likewise, a family is made up of parents and offspring, but there is no love or caring between family members. Unlike in the previous two novels, the citizens in Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 do not suffer from government control in their relationships. The relationships between people are skewed; however, it is not the governments doing. The people have submitted to a fast-paced, media driven world, so their relationships have suffered because of it. For example, the relationship between fireman Guy Montag and his wife Mildred is virtually nonexistent. Mildreds mind is so bombarded by media that she has become completely detached from reality. Guy even asked Mildred when and where they first met, and she had no idea. When did we meet? And where? When did we meet for what? She asked. I meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ originallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I dont know, she saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It doesnt matter Bradbury 42-43. Also, other citizens do not have relationships with each other. They gather as friends, but do not talk of anything of significance; all they do is watch their giant television screens. Or I listen at soda fountains, and do you know what? What? People dont talk about anything. Oh, they must! No, not anything. They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell! But they all say the same things and nobody says anything different from anyone else Bradbury31. .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .postImageUrl , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:hover , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:visited , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:active { border:0!important; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:active , .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue218bc72da31f48ee264e0eaa357944e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Problems In The United States Educational System EssayThese people think that they have friendships, healthy marriages, and happy lives, but in reality they are all blinded by the whirlwind of noises and images that surrounds them daily. Personal identity is defined as the distinct personality traits that define an individual dictionary. Due to the fact that their society is dysfunctional, citizens in a dystopian society are made to have skewed views of themselves and their personal identities. In Brave New World, the free sex idea forces individuals to accept twisted ideas of themselves, and their identities. As young children, citizens are conditioned to believe that everyone belongs to everyone else Huxley 30. Instead of being possessive of his lover, a man will instead refer her to his friend Huxley 39. If everyone belongs to everyone else, a person is no more their own than they are their neighbors. People have no more worth than a piece of property or furniture. Once they have lived their useful life, they die, and society moves on. One person is not important to any one other person. Also, death is a very accepted part of life. As children, citizens are conditioned so that they do not fear death Huxley 208. Since people have no moral worth, and they do not form romantic ties or intimate friendships, they feel that they are no more important to the world than a piece of furniture. They serve their purpose, and they have some fun, but there is nothing beyond that. A persons true character and identity are evident through their thoughts and verbal expressions. For the citizens of Orwells 1984, their identities are skewed because they are not permitted to conceive original thoughts, read literary classics, and express themselves verbally. Citizens are monitored constantly through telescreens, in their homes and public places. Big Brother is always watching on the other side, and people must be very conscientious of how they are behaving. Peoples thoughts are also monitored by the government. Thoughts are controlled by what is called the Thought Police Orwell 6. The Thought Police is the secret police that uses psychology and observation to detect anti-party thoughts in party members. When a persons very thoughts are taken away from them, their very identity goes away. Everyone becomes the same, just mindless followers of the party. Lastly, the new language of Orwells dystopia, called Newspeak, seeks to take away individual identity. Newspeak is defined as any attempt to restrict disapproved language by a government or other powerful entity Orwell 45-46. Through the usage of Newspeak, the Party is removing all unnecessary words from the language. If people have no words to express their thoughts, the thoughts cease to exist. Thoughts cannot exist without a means of expressing them. It is in these ways that the government forces its citizens to adopt a skewed personal identity. In order to develop a positive identity, it is necessary for an individual to have time to think and reflect on life, and what their life means. However, in Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451, citizens live lives that are so bombarded by media, that they have lost all traces of personal identity. They have become shells, only caring about the visual and the auditory things they can experience. Most people have television screens the size of walls in their house and usually two or more walls will be made up of these television screens. The volume on the televisions is always turned up very high, and the programs are all loud so it is impossible to talk over them. Also, the citizens drive very fast, usually over 100 miles per hour. This is dangerous, and it is impossible to carry on a conversation at this speed with the wind whipping inside the car. Lastly, they always have little seashell radios plugged into their ears. These radios are on anytime when other media is not available, even during sleep. And in her ears the little Seashells, the thimble radios tamped tight, and an electronic ocean of sound, of music and talk and music and talk coming in, coming in on the shore of her unsleeping mind Bradbury 12. They completely lack meaning and purpose in their lives, and these things also help shape a persons identity. One of the main ways that totalitarian governments get their ideas into the minds of the public is through the use of censorship. Censorship is the prevention of disturbing or painful thoughts or feelings from reaching consciousness except in a disguised form dictionary. Censorship is used in the society of Brave New World as a means of eliminating strong feelings. Those who lead this civilization believe that if people are permitted to read things like Shakespeare, which are filled with strong emotions, they will be filled with emotion as well Huxley 124-125. As far as this society is concerned, emotion in general is a bad thing. It is undesirable for people to drift away from their perfect happiness. They should not be reading anything that could provoke sadness or any similar feeling. The leaders of society desire stability, emotions are by nature unstable, which is why they are not allowed. Also, the themes written about in poetry are things that citizens would have no understanding of. Shakespeares poetry talks about love and pain, both of which are not present in society. Censorship is a true mark of a dystopian society because it allows the government to control what the populace sees, which in turn will control what the populace feels. In the World State, beautiful works of art are censored, because the leaders do not want the people feeling any kind of strong emotion that could result from reading those works. The leaders at the conditioning centre also use different forms of aversion therapy to eliminate the childlike attraction to beautiful objects. For example, at the conditioning centre, it was time for a group of Bokanovsky babies to learn to dislike books and flowers. So, the nurses laid colorful books and roses on the floor and released the babies. As the babies approached the books, there was an explosion of sirens causing the babies faces to be distorted with terror Huxley 19-20. This horrible scene is just one example of how, at a young age, citizens are forced to form an aversion to things like flowers, and therefore leave behind the natural human love for nature and color Huxley 21. Censorship is seen very heavily in 1984. It is the main means by which citizens in the society loose their identities; it prevents citizens from conceiving original thoughts, ideas, and emotions. One of the major ways that the government censors what the populace sees is through the Ministry of Truth. This ministry controls all literature that circulates in Oceania. It is the official producer of lying propaganda Orwell 8. It is also in charge of the telescreens and party organization. Winston Smith, one of the main characters, works for the ministry of truth, rewriting history Orwell 40. The ministry has a policy of amending any written documents that speak against the government. It is constantly revising history, and will even invent people that do not exist to support the party. Since the government is the ultimate source of truth, it is never wrong Orwell 42. Another way that the government heavily censors peoples lives is through the adoption of Newspeak. Newspeak is the official language of Oceania. One of the goals of Newspeak is to censor out any words that are in opposition to the party. In fact, all words deemed unnecessary are deleted. For example, the word wonderful is not needed, so the word good is used. However, in order to show that something is more than good, a plus is added in front, so the word becomes plusgood. If plusgood simply will not do, and whatever is being talked about is amazingly wonderful, the word can be changed to be doubleplusgood. This system makes language very systematic, and instead of having to choose between words like wonderful, excellent, or amazing, one needs only to say doubleplusgood! Of course the great wastage is in the verbs and adjectives, but there are hundreds of nouns that can be got rid of as well If you have a word like quot;goodquot;, what need is there for a word like quot;badquot;? quot;Ungoodquot; will do just as well Or again, if you want a stronger version of quot;goodquot;, what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like quot;excellentquot; and quot;splendidquot; and all the rest of them? quot;Plusgoodquot; covers the meaning or doubleplusgood if you want something stronger still. In the end the whole notion of goodness and badness will be covered by only six words; in reality, only one word Orwell 45-46. In essence, one of the main goals of Newspeak is to allow citizens to express entire concepts, such as the difference between good and bad, with only one word and its variations. In this society, the Thought Police are used to censor the thoughts of individuals. People are only permitted to think thoughts that are in support of Big Brother, and if the Thought Police detect suspicion, the person is dealt with harshly. This police force instills much fear in the populace, and causes a great amount of distrust amongst individuals. People do not know whom they can trust, so this prevents them from discussing things such as rebellion against the party Orwell 18. A persons own wife may be a member of the Thought Police, just waiting for her husband to say something suspicious. Censorship is a main theme in Fahrenheit 451. Written literature is banned in this civilization, and anyone who is found to be in possession of a book is punished severely. There is a whole occupation that is devoted to the burning of books, these people are called firemen. The firemen receive calls at the station, go to the place where the books are, drench the home in kerosene, and light it on fire. There are many reasons why books are obsolete in this society. First of all, the people and government believe that books have nothing important to say. Also, since the attention span of people has decreased to almost zero, no one has the time or patience to sit down and read. Lastly, books are seen as a source for stress and anger. Books supposedly discriminate against minority groups, they contain problems and theories that dont line up, and generally threaten the stability of society wikipedia. It is for these reasons that the government has decided to put the charge of heresy on anyone found with a book wikipedia. To replace books, the government distributes comic books, sex magazines, and television shows, which supply the populace of what it desires, entertainment. Technology is the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives dictionary. This use of science is used in Huxleys Brave New World for a variety of ends. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the novel is the advanced technology that is present in the society. In the World State, technology is used to produce babies and condition children. Technological machines are used to immerse the populace in an ever-present flow of noise and media, which prevents the manifestation of thought and emotion. Technology has also supplied advanced methods of contraception, so that the people can engage in free sex, and pregnancy is totally eliminated Huxley 50. Lastly, technology has allowed the people to age, while showing no physical signs of it Huxley 111. Illness and disease are not present in society as well. Life in the World State begins at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre Huxley 1. It is here where eggs are fertilized, incubated, decanted, and conditioned as children, so that they may one day be released, to go out into the world as fully functioning members of society. In this society, eggs are produced using the Bokanovsky process. In a normal world, one egg equals one embryo, which equals one adult; however, the Bokanovsky process allows the hatchery leaders to manufacture up to ninety-six normal adults from one fertilized egg Huxley 4. Stability is the primary concern for leaders, and being able to control the worlds population like that is desirable. Once these fetuses are decanted, or born, they begin conditioning, which lasts from infancy to the late teens. The goal of conditioning is for the leaders to impart the ideology of the World State into the minds of the youngsters. By the end of conditioning, each young adult will have centralized the ideology, and will obey it without question. The main medium of conditioning is known as hypnopÃÆ' ¦dia Huxley 24. HypnopÃÆ' ¦dia is when certain catch phrases are replayed over and over while the children are sleeping. For example, the phrase everybodys happy now is repeated 150 times a night for twelve years. This type of technology allows the ideas of the government to manifest themselves in the children. Technology also provides citizens of the World State with complicated methods of entertainment, known to them as games. They are not permitted to play any game that does not require many expensive parts. Some of these games include Centrifugal Bumble-Puppy, Riemann Surface Tennis, and Electro-Magnetic Golf Huxley 29, 44, 56. The reason why only these complicated games are allowed is because the government is trying to promote its exaggerated capitalism Huxley 22. More parts lead to more labor, which leads to more jobs; all of this keeps the economy rolling. In addition to games, people can visit the feelies, which are incredibly high technology movie theaters. In the theater, each person places their hand on a metal knob, which allows them to feel the physical sensations that the actors are experiencing Huxley 34. Also, other forms of entertainment include the scent organ, which combines music with pleasant smells; the synthetic music boxes, and the colour organs, which combine music with a light show Huxley 70. Transportation in the World State is also very technologically advanced. Most people travel around town in helicopters, taxicopters, or sporticopters Huxley 29, 203. The lower caste civilians travel around in monorails Huxley 73, and global travel is done in a rocket plane, which is color-coded according to where it is headed Huxley 58. There are a few remaining ways in which advanced technology is used in society. First, most of the clothing worn by individuals is composed of high-tech materials, such as acetate or viscose Huxley 50. Also, most of the buildings are skyscrapers, made of materials including vitra-glass, and ferroconcrete. Men shave with electrolytic razors, and sex-hormone chewing gum dominates the market Huxley 60. When a citizen comes home from a hard days work, they can use one of the many vibro-vacuum massagers to relax Huxley 53; and if this doesnt quite do the trick, they can take a few grams of soma to send them into a dreamland. The purpose of most of this technology is to keep the citizens in a state of sublime happiness, and it certainly works. The technological situation in George Orwells 1984 is almost the exact opposite as it is in Huxleys novel. In this society, technology is used for only two things: surveillance, and weaponry Orwell 71-72. Big Brothers use of telescreens is one of the main ways that technology is put into use. Telescreens are two way televisions, through which the government can monitor its subjects. They are on twenty-four hours a day, in homes and in public places. It is impossible for citizens to turn them off, and they are constantly spouting off pro-party propaganda. They are also used to ensure that a citizen is doing their duty at all times. If a person gets lazy and takes a rest from their work, a voice from the telescreen will order them to get back to it. Aside from telescreens, there are a few other areas in which technology is used. For example, Winston uses a speech-recognizing typewriter when he works at the Ministry of Truth Orwell 34. Also, there are novel writing machines, which compose volumes full of propaganda Orwell 12. Since capturing rebels is one of the main concerns of the government, a lot of the governments technology is channeled towards finding new methods of interrogation, and new ways to detect thought criminal. There are almost no technological advancements made in any other field, because only technology that suits the needs and purposes of Big Brother is fit to be used. In Fahrenheit 451, most of the societys technological efforts are directed toward the media, and finding new ways of distracting the citizens. In this society, the minds of citizens are constantly flooded with visual and auditory stimulus, which numbs them to what is important. There are many technological advancements that play a part in this, including giant television screens. In most homes, there are two or more walls that are covered by an enormous television screen. These televisions are almost always on, and the shows that they play are loud, and have no meaningful plot at all. Itll be even more fun when we can afford to have the fourth wall installed. How long you figure before we save up and get the fourth wall torn out and a fourth wall-TV put in? Its only two thousand dollarsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦If we had a fourth wall, why itd be just like this room wasnt ours at all, but all kinds of exotic peoples rooms. We could do without a few things Bradbury 20-21. The thing that is strangest about the televisions is that the programs that are shown mean absolutely nothing. Even the viewers themselves have no idea what the shows are about. The only thing that matter is that they are entertaining, and that they distract the mind. What was on? Programs. What programs? Some of the best ever. Who? Oh, you know, the bunch. Bradbury 49. As is evident from this dialogue between Guy and Mildred, she spends her whole day watching these programs, yet is unable to tell him what they were about, or who was in them. Along with television walls, seashell radios are another technological advancement that preoccupy peoples minds. Seashell radios are small radios that are inserted into the ear; they are turned on during any time span when other distraction is unavailable. .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .postImageUrl , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:hover , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:visited , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:active { border:0!important; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:active , .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5f111259ecc614dd25f2001ff464d0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord of the Flies - Symbolism EssayGuy Montags wife, Mildred, always has these little devices in her ears, which makes him incapable of carrying on conversation with her. Lastly, technology has allowed the government to create something that is called the mechanical hound. The purpose of this animal is to accompany the firemen to their calls, and aid them with their work. The mechanical hound slept but did not sleep, lived but did not live in its gently humming, gently vibrating, softly illuminated kennel back in a dark corner of the firehouseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The animals were turned loose. Three seconds later the game was done, the rat, cat, or chicken caught half across the areaway, gripped by gentling paws while a four-inch hollow steel needle plunged down from the proboscis of the Hound to inject massive jolts of morphine or procaine Bradbury 24-25. This hound is a frightening creature, and demonstrates how technology is used in this society to invoke fear in all those that oppose the censorship policies of government. One of the most prominent characteristics of a dystopian society is the governments use of brainwashing. Brainwashing is the application of a concentrated means of persuasion, such as an advertising campaign or repeated suggestion, in order to develop a specific belief or motivation dictionary. This means of persuasion is seen heavily in all three novels. In Aldous Huxleys novel, Brave New World, the citizens are brainwashed from birth through the use of hyponopÃÆ' ¦dia. HypnopÃÆ' ¦dia is the repetition of certain words or catch phrases over a long period of time. As the children are sleeping, little speakers in their beds emit these phrases hundreds of times per night, for many years wikipedia. Some of these phrases include ending is better than mending, the more stitches, the less riches, and everyone belongs to everyone else Huxley 39. Each of these phrases helps to indoctrinate a belief of the government. The first two make the citizens believe that if something is broken or torn, it is much better to simply throw it away, rather than mend it. This promotes the exaggerated capitalism of the World State, and keeps the economy strong and stable. The last phrase promotes the idea that everyone is the same, and there is no individual identity. This idea gets rid of all forms of jealousy, envy, anger, and love. Since everyone belongs to everyone else, there are no strong feelings between individuals. Also, in order to keep its citizens in a sublimely happy state at all times, the government distributes soma, a hallucinogen, which will cause a person to slip away into a dreamland. The citizens take soma on a daily basis if they are upset in any way you do look glum! What you need is a gramme of somaHuxley 54. Soma supposedly has all the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects Huxley 54. Basically, soma is meant to lift up a person to a state of well-being, but it has no side effects. Even as children, the citizens of the World State are conditioned to just pop in a soma anytime they are feeling a tiny bit upset. The hypnopÃÆ' ¦dic phrase that is used for this is: A gramme is better than a damn Huxley 54. One good example of how soma is used in this society is when Lenina, one of the main characters, visited the savage reservation. She was so upset by the horrors of what she saw there, that she decided to go on a soma holiday. When she got back to her room, she swallowed a large amount of soma, in hopes of finding relief As soon as they got back to the rest-house, she swallowed six half-gramme tablets of soma, lay down on her bed, and within ten minutes had embarked for lunar eternity. It would be eighteen hours at the least before she was in time again somaquotes. The citizens use soma as an escape from anything unpleasant that could occur in their lives. The government uses it to keep the citizens happy, and happiness means stability, which is the ultimate goal Huxley 53. For the governing body in George Orwells novel, 1984, the main goal is for every citizen to love and be completely devoted to Big Brother. To accomplish this, the government makes use of various forms of brainwashing. The Ministry of Truth is in charge of distributing literature in favor of the party Orwell 39. In fact, all literature that is available in society comes from the government; so, all written words speak in favor of Big Brother. For example, the Ministry of Truth is in charge of managing history. This would seen odd because history should be somewhat fixed. History happened, and it is impossible to change things of the past. This is true in a normal society; however, in the world of 1984, history changes almost daily. History is what Big Brother says it is, and nothing more. If what the history books say does not concur with the teachings of the government, it will be rewritten Orwell 40. Government has control of everything, all the way down to the history of the world. Due to Big Brothers ultimate control over the historical record, citizens must doubt their own knowledge. If a citizen knows that they were born in the year 1975, but Big brother says that they were born only 3 years ago, that is truth; and all newspapers, history books, and birth records will be written to support Big Brothers version of the truth. Therefore, the person is only three years old, regardless of what they think they know or remember Orwell 10. This brings into question the place from which truth is drawn. In this novel, truth is drawn from the government, not from experiences and memories of individuals. The Ministry of truth also functions in distributing other forms of brainwashing. It distributes all of the newspapers, films, textbooks, telescreen programs, plays, novels, instructions, and entertainment that are to be found in society Orwell 39. Every word that can be read by a citizen comes from Big Brothers mouth to the people through the Ministry of Truth. If there is nothing in opposition to these ideas, there is nothing else to believe. Also, the Ministry will make up historical figures that support the party, even if these people never existed Orwell 42. Since the government is the ultimate source of truth, there is no reason for citizens to question whether or not these people existed. The last form of brain washing that the government in the novel uses is called the Two Minutes Hate. This is a daily occurrence, during which the citizens are shown a video depicting the partys greatest enemy, Emmanuel Goldstein. During this video, the observers are worked up into a complete frenzy. They often thrown things at the telescreen, scream, yell, jump around, and hiss at the characters on screen Orwell 13-16. This ritual is so convincing that even when Winston Smith is determined not to participate, he still gets sucked into the frenzy of hatred. This daily practice is even extended into a weeklong festival, called Hate Week Orwell 5. These things force the citizens to adopt a deep hatred for enemies of the party, and a great love for Big Brother. The citizens in the futuristic world of Fahrenheit 451 are brainwashed by the massive amounts of media that they are exposed to, and they are brainwashed to believe that books hold no real value. Since citizens in this society are constantly absorbed in media and television, the government uses this as a means of imparting its beliefs. The government wishes to keep people distracted, so it shows programs that are heavy in visual and auditory stimulus. These stimuli keep the people totally engrossed in what is going on in their television screens, so that they do not know or care about what is going on in the world. This is desirable by the government because throughout the novel it is trying to cover up a huge war that threatens to destroy the world. Also, the people have been persuaded that books are not necessary. Books have been replaced by the government, and sex magazines and comics remain in their place. To further this aversion to books, the government set up the firemen, whose job it is to enforce the laws against books. People have come to believe that life should be lived fast, books are irrelevant, and the television is family. If a government exerts too much control over those whom it rules, rebellion will naturally occur. There is no possible way for a government to persuade, even brainwash, every individual into believing its ideology. There will always be someone that does not conform, goes against the norm, and discovers the truth. Bernard Marx is the first rebel that is seen in Brave New World. He tries desperately to conform to this hedonistic society, but unfortunately he can not. Bernard is set apart from his peers by the fact that he is very short. His friends decided that his shortness is due to alcohol being inserted into his blood surrogate by mistake Huxley 46. His lack of height separates him from the other Alpha-pluss and he even has to yell at Epsilons to get his orders obeyed. Other characteristics that set him apart are his dislike of the feelies, soma, and his lack of promiscuity wikipedia. Bernard feels a great amount of jealousy for his sexual rivals, even though this type of feeling is not supposed to occur. Bernard seems to be more of a human, as opposed to his robotic peers who are walking, talking extensions of the government. Bernard is a rebel because he doesnt fit in with his counterparts due to his size. He also dislikes the normal, everyday things of society, and he experiences thoughts and emotions that he should have been conditioned not to feel. He is an anomaly in this perfect society. The next rebel is named Lenina Crowne; she works at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Center. Lenina demonstrates several behaviors that are not what is considered normal. For example, she dates one man exclusively for nearly two months straight Huxley 39. This is extremely unconventional, because she was conditioned to be very sexually promiscuous. Also, she sleeps with Bernard Marx, who is not a very handsome or well-liked man Huxley 58. Lastly, she develops a great liking for John the Savage, almost to the point of being in love with him Huxley 191. She does not understand these feelings, so she tries to act upon them in the only way she knows how to, through sex. Unfortunately, John is appalled by her behavior and treats her violently wikipedia. The last rebel from this novel is named John, or John the Savage. John lived with his mother, Linda on an Indian reservation. John is mocked there because of his fair skin, and because his mother is very promiscuous Huxley 125. When Lenina and Bernard visit the reservation, they bring John back with them. He is very popular amongst the World State citizens. However, he does not fit in with their world. He has been conditioned by the works of Shakespeare, and desires pain, love, and sin Huxley 132. He cannot find any of these things in the World State, and he is disgusted by their promiscuity and use of things like soma. He eventually isolates himself and performs regular self-purging rituals. He is eventually commits suicide, beaten by the brave new world. Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, eastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Huxley 267. John was a true outcast, denied both in his Indian tribe, and in the World State. The rebels in Orwells novel, 1984, are more conscious about their acts of rebellion. Winston Smith is a man who works in the Ministry of Truth. His work there leads to a preoccupation with the real truth Orwell 68-69. He begins to question Big Brothers policy. At the ministry of truth, he meets a young woman named Julia, a mechanic. They begin to have an illicit sexual relationship, meeting in the country, and other secluded places Orwell 100. As this goes on, Winston continues to grow in his questioning of Big Brother, and the English Socialism that is in place. He and Julia see their relationship as a way to rebel against the Party, and they are eventually arrested by the Thought Police. They are each questioned separately in the Ministry of Love, and Winston is tortured numerous times Orwell 186. His captors are seeking to change Winstons very thoughts, and they are successful in bringing Winston back to loving Big Brother. In this case, the overpowering, and ever-present government was able to suppress rebellion. In Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451, there are five major rebellious characters. The first that is seen is a seventeen year old girl named Clarisse. Clarisse meets the main character, Guy Montag, outside on the street near their homes. She immediately comes off as strange and mature for her age. Clarisse has a deep appreciation for nature and people. She is one of the only characters that is not caught up in the fast paced society. They want to know what I do with my time. I tell them that sometimes I just sit and think. But I wont tell them what. Ive got them running. And sometimes, I tell them, I like to put my head back, like this, and let the rain fall in my mouth. It tastes just like wine. Have you ever tried it? Bradbury 23. Clarisse introduces Guy to nature and thought. She grabs him by the arm and slows him down. He begins to have a deep appreciation for her, and for her original way of thinking, although he still finds it strange. Unfortunately, Clarisse is killed in a high-speed car accident. This is ironic, because she talked frequently of how fast cars went, and how they never slowed down to see anything. After the death of Clarisse, Guy becomes increasingly interested in what exactly books have to say. This interest was sparked by a special call he got at the fire station. They got a call to go to an old womans home and burn her books. When they got there, she refused to exit the house, and ended up lighting her home on fire with herself in it. Guy decided that there must be something in books if an old woman is willing to be burned with them, rather than having them be burned for her. There must be something in books, things we cant imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You dont stay for nothing Bradbury 51. This womans act of rebellion drove Guy to find out what merit there was in books. Eventually, he met Faber, a retired English professor. Faber deeply loved books, yet was too afraid of the consequences to rebel. Towards the latter end of the story, Guy Montag ended up on the run from the hound. He came across a group of people, led by a man named Granger, who memorize entire texts as a way to preserve literature. Guy joined them, and they continue in their act of rebellion, preserving the written word. Dystopian societies are a world in which no human would ever want to live. They are dysfunctional societies, in which person rights and freedoms are sacrificed to further the government, and its goals. The governments are always very powerful, and exert complete control over the lives of its subjects. People are usually divided up into social classes, and they have no control over them. This warped view of life leads to the development of skewed relationships between people, and a skewed sense of identity. People do not see themselves as humans, but as possessions, or government drones. The government censors written literature, television, plays and the like, and replaces them with their own, promoting their own goals. Technology, which is capable of making a country a superpower, instead helps to make the government a superpower. Technology is used to invade peoples space, thoughts, and privacy; it strips the individual out of every natural human right. The government also implements brainwashing, to ensure that all citizens believe what the government believes. Brainwashing takes away individual thought, and makes each person an extension of the government. However, despite all this, there are always a few individuals who rise up and challenge the authority. Sometimes this rebellion is intended, sometimes its not, and unfortunately it is rarely ever successful. Each of the above traits can be seen heavily in the three most famous dystopian novels of all time; Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley, 1984 written by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury. All of these authors are presenting a warning, by showing the direction in which the world is heading. Every piece of literature has a purpose. Perhaps the purpose of dystopian fiction is to keep the world from making a horrible mistake, and paying the ultimate price in the sacrificing of human right in return for power.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Women in Law Essay Example

Women in Law Essay It is clichà © to say that women are the weaker sex. It was not too long ago when the things women were allowed to do were very limited. They were not allowed to wear skimpy clothing. They couldn’t even go to school. If they did, they only had limited subjects to study. Women were passive. They were fine about not being prioritized by the law. Then again, this did not last long. There were strong and courageous women who fought for their rights. The women of today are reaping all the benefits, especially when they were finally included in the law. This year, a number of non-residents enrolling in law school are increasing. More foreigners are taking up law. Compared to the part years, more minorities are venturing on the field of law. Some of these ethnic minorities are women. Women, who are also members of the ethnic minority, studying law, are something that is unfamiliar to most of us. It just goes to show that women are getting braver as years pass. It is then important to study women in law in comparison to the different ethnicities and minorities. First, we should look at how women are doing in the industry of law. This will include women as a group of people taken care and prioritized by the law, and women as a member of a group that creates the laws for commoners to follow. In short, women practicing law and women being governed by the law are the two sides of the coin that should be scrutinized. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Law’s Representation and Treatment of Women In the past years, law paid attention to women. The constitution and basic human rights show it all; however, this attention given to women by the law is very scant. All considerations and explorations, when dealing with rights and when creating a new law, are all centered to the male species. Humanity is explored to be able to come up with a sound law. Then again, this exploration is confined to the exploration of men. The women almost have no place in the law (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). There was an era of the feminine mystique. During this time, women are passive and submissive. This was also an era of general conservatism. This is partly because of the American societys pervasive permeation, in which all people engaged in psychoanalytic thinking. Consequently, the people made use of the law and of social science as well, as a social control. People failed to see that the law should also be a means of social inquiry (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). The law, during this time, only described the role of the women in society. It described where they stood, where exactly in the society should they be found. No one had the initiative to analyze the role of women in society. Their capacity to think and do things was generally underestimated, which is exactly the reason why the attention paid to them was very scant (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). What the law should have been capable of doing during those early times was to explain why women grew to be that way. There should have been researches and studies conducted to be able to come up with a more substantial and sensible constitution, where women would have been given the voice they rightfully deserve. Such act was not expected, because this occurred during the time when the only voices of the nation were the males. Everyone was busy about other social problems and issues, and complacency about gender issues got the better of most of the people in a given community (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Women, as represented by law, were just members of a group who were different from men. The difference came only in discussions of biology and physical structure. Physiology was highly important in defining the conditions of women, but this did not last long. After some time, interpretations became brand new. Not everyone kept on believing what was already written. Pieces of information established began to be cracked open. Psychological passivity is no longer a trend, and people started to ask why (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 206). All old data were studied again, and this time, with newer tools, and of course, newer interpretations. More considerations in studying the old data were added. Other areas of gender and sexuality were being explored. Studies by social scientists helped women define themselves. They were able to explain why they were not experiencing their freedom for the past years. Women now know that they were passive and submissive because they were trained to be passive and submissive (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 207). The law and society both have a big influence on the general make-up of a woman. Society, since day one, has offered the woman alternatives. She was capable of choosing things for herself, and society has given her all the options she can choose from. The problem came in when the law, especially when it matched the power of society, controlled not the womans options, but her motivation to select from the choices given to her (Tilly and Gurin 1990, p. 485). Motivation of Women Controlled by the Law How, then, was motivation controlled? The law developed women through social science. It has controlled the women to automatically know that they have roles to fill. Women are trained to act as models. Why is this so? There is an accepted image of a woman, which every woman should emanate. All members of a society are governed by expectations. Something is always expected from them. An image is always expected from them. An act, a response, a reaction, a deed, an expression or the lack of it all, are all expected from them (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). Because of this, women in law are seen as light, soft, weak and small. They are slow, passive, rounded, cold, relaxed, peaceful and dull. They are domestic. They are expected to wait for their husbands from work. As they wait, they are expected to cook meals for their partners. They are expected to wash the dishes and do the laundry. They should keep the house clean, take care of the children, and watch after the pets. Because of how the law defines a woman, the woman has grown accustomed to the image asked of her. The woman is the patient one. She is grateful, kind, nice, moral, affectionate and loving. She is at the same time silly, sorry, careless and clumsy. The law has generalized women and failed to recognize individual differences (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). It is not surprising that there were no women lawyers during the old times. Women are expected to stay at home. They could not think of a simple law to add to the constitution. Today, all these are now being erased, as more women are already taking law, and there are women who take positions in public offices to create laws. It should not be forgotten, though, that they still experience restrictions. Women in law are still governed by laws, whether these are written or not, because society said so (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). The Conflict There is huge evidence for gender bias not only in developing countries but also in the United States, where one would expect that the law profession had already reached its maturity. The Employment Law Center together with The Women in Law Committee conducted a survey with some stunning results. According to 85% of the respondents, who are made up of women lawyers, they perceive gender bias in the legal profession. Two out of three say that their male colleagues dont accept them as equals (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 207). Interestingly, a number of women lawyers in the workplace seem to increase women’s perception of fairness. It’s not only the number of females in the workplace that contributes to this perception of inequality, however. Some of those surveyed claimed that the gender bias is caused by the belief in the workplace that woman lawyers are not part of the network of â€Å"old boys.† There are also cases where male lawyers unfairly try to make their points by physically threatening their female colleagues (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 209). It’s even more difficult in the United States to be a female lawyer and a member of a minority group at the same time. In this case, the person may be subject to a double bias in the legal profession. Women lawyers belonging to a minority group perceive both gender bias and ethnic bias in the workplace. According to them, the rules of professional conduct should be changed to prevent the racial and gender-biased behavior by their colleagues. The law profession itself may be in danger of retracting from its upward development as the discontent of female lawyers start to climb. Findings of the survey indicate that while more than seventy percent of the respondents still wanted to stay as lawyers, about twenty-four percent said they would choose to be in another career. Also, more than sixty percent of those surveyed believe that they dont have as much opportunities for advancement as their male counterparts. Its probably wise for the legal profession to accept more women because according to the survey, more than half of the female respondents preferred to work with other females. The legal profession and the courtroom itself seem to be teeming with gender bias based on the beliefs of women lawyers. More than seventy percent of the respondents feel negative bias coming from the opposing counsel and sixty percent say bias is also produced by clients. Almost fifty percent of the female respondents felt that their superiors have a gender bias, while about forty percent claim that bias is also present among their peers. Note that women lawyers are more likely to feel negative bias from the opposing counsel than from their peers. The most direct effect of gender bias in the legal profession is indicated by the fact that more than thirty percent of the respondents made career changes because of their perceived negative bias. Moreover, thirty-seven of the respondents did not make any changes in their careers because they believed that the situation would be the same if not worse in other careers. Its clear here that pessimism is the only thing that binds some women i n the legal profession. Had these women felt that other careers are less biased against women, they probably would have chosen other fields (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Women lawyers deeply feel the gender bias in the legal profession. Results of the survey indicate that almost ninety percent of the respondents felt that there is a pervasive but subtle gender bias in the profession. In addition, almost forty percent believed that they would never be equal with their male colleagues (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). The gender bias in law forms a kind of â€Å"glass ceiling† which prevents women from advancing to other areas of the profession. While fifty-three percent of those surveyed believed that half of the women in the workplace received partnerships and promotions, sixty-four percent believed that male lawyers still received more partnerships and promotions. Gender bias is not the only challenge for women in the legal profession. Respondents say that they have negative feelings about having little time for their families, working too many hours, and difficulty in balancing their personal and professional lives. Despite these challenges, however, women are still very competitive in law. More than eighty percent of the respondents claim that they are satisfied with their jobs because of the challenges in the legal profession. They also enjoy the setting and the unique opportunity to meet other people. In 1992, the Ninth Circuit Gender Bias Task Force released some important findings on the issue of gender in the legal profession. They concluded that gender is still a relevant issue in law. The appointment process, conducts of lawyers in the courtroom, outside and other areas of the legal profession all have cases of gender bias. The report also claimed that males and females have different views on the prevalence and definition of gender bias in law (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Like in other professions in the modern world, women are also subject to sexual harassment in the legal profession. The survey reveals some stunning statistics on the existence of sexual harassment in law. Nearly half of those surveyed claimed that they experienced sexual harassment at the workplace. This is disappointing considering that only thirteen percent of respondents reported that they felt sexual harassment decreasing over the past five years. It is always difficult to pin down the meaning of sexual harassment because of the number of behaviors that can be interpreted as sexual violations of women. The Judicial Council Advisory Committee released a report on gender bias in the courts in the 1990 in order to identify some behaviors that constitute sexual harassment in the legal profession. According to the report, acts and words that focus on the physical appearance or sexual attributes of women who participate in courtroom proceedings are considered cases of sexual harassment. The report identified other cases of sexual harassment in the legal profession such as the use of gender issues as a tactic during courtroom trials. Expressions that women are inferior or that they should not be lawyers are also considered to be violations of the law prohibiting sexual harassment. Furthermore, sexual harassment need not be done directly in order for it to be violative of the law prohibiting sexual harassment. The report recognizes th e participation and encouragement of gender bias by judicial officers as constitutive of sexual harassment (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Based on all of the statistics regarding the situation of women in the legal profession, it is clear that all sectors of society should work harder to promote gender equality in law. The legal profession should be more concerned with gender equality since it promotes justice in its field. If the legal profession itself crumbles down to the pressures of tradition and stereotypes, then what hope is there for other areas of society to achieve something higher in terms of gender justice? Law firms must consider and accept more women lawyers to be free of the gender bias that apparently exists and proliferates in the law profession today. Governments also must strive harder to produce more laws that would guarantee women equal footing with men in the workplace. While it is true that gender discrimination cannot be eradicated by laws alone, it is important that sanctions be imposed on all citizens so they will be more aware of the rights of everyone for fair treatment. There should be stricter guidelines on the prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace so women will feel less pressure while doing their jobs. Laws must also be more specific on what constitutes sexual harassment so women will be more protected from sexual injustices (Aggarwal, University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Center 2002, p. 205). Society will be improved once womens status in the legal profession is elevated and developed more. It is time for the legal profession and society in general to recognize the huge contribution of women lawyers in promoting justice and equality. Also, more studies should be conducted on the perceptions of women regarding gender equality in law so that more immediate actions could be taken by the government and civil society. Once the legal profession is free of gender bias, then the government and other sectors of society could move forward on addressing the issue of gender bias elsewhere. Women are as talented and as hard-working as men in law, so they should be treated fairly and provided with equal opportunities for advancement. Bibliography Tilly, L and Gurin, P. (1990) Women, Politics and Change, Russel Sage Foundation, USA. Aggarwal, N. and University of Delhi and Womens Studies and Development Centre (2002) Women in Law in India, New Century Publications, Michigan.